Talking about Oxygen sensor, we are talking about the "mixture": rich or lean. Rich means less oxygen, lean will have more oxygen, and the O2 sensor must be placed to measure the gas in the exhaust manifold.
Oxygen sensor can be considered to be more complex and more advance comparing to other types of sensor. Instead of position, air flow, pressure etc... this senses only one type of gas: oxygen. So how do they do this? Answer: Must be a special material and some configurations.
Narrow band O2 sensor: 1-4 wires. Most advance narrow band is the one with 4 wires: 2 heater wires, one positive one ground; 1 signal wire, one signal ground. Signal wire is normally with "live" colors, ground wire is often brown or black, 2 heater wires are the same, white or black etc...
2 common alternative materials are zirconium and titanium. These materials need to be in operating temperature in order to sense and conduct signal therefore having a 4-wire will save the car from having trouble waiting to be warmed up. The heater wires heat the material up quickly as soon as the car start to minimize the lack of oxygen sensing at the beginning minutes, which will eventually save some fuel, "healthier" emission and engine components.
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